Gatekeeper Regulation within the EU and Beyond: A Comparative Analysis of DMA, 19aGWB German Competition Act, and UK Strategic Market Status

«If different institutional designs tend to produce similar outcomes in the clearest cases, what is ultimately at stake in the choice of designation model? The answer lies in the cases that remain undecided: ambiguous cases, emerging ecosystems, and the next generation of digital intermediaries whose market power is still developing. It is in these situations, rather than in the designations already made, that the practical significance of the different designation methodologies will become evident«.